1. (

• turbulence ,
• upheaval ,
• Sturm_und_Drang

) a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally); "the industrial revolution was a period of great turbulence" ;

2. (

• convulsion ,
• turmoil ,
• upheaval ,

) a violent disturbance; "the convulsions of the stock market" ;

3. (

• upheaval ,
• uplift ,
• upthrow ,
• upthrust

) (geology) a rise of land to a higher elevation (as in the process of mountain building) ;

4. (

• agitation ,
• excitement ,
• turmoil ,
• upheaval ,
• hullabaloo

) disturbance usually in protest ;